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Most readers will probably remember the Brothers Grimm fairy tale Snow White. The magic mirror in the story has one unique quality: it always tells the truth. As we shall see later, educatio...

Designing for a desired outcome is a well-established principle across many disciplines. In educational assessment, for example, the concept of Validity by Design emphasizes that the validit...

“You know nothing, Jon Snow…” Could be familiar for fans of the television series Game of Thrones, Similarly, Socrates once said: “The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.” Plat...

Phishing remains one of the most common and effective cybersecurity threats affecting organizations worldwide. Rather than exploiting technical vulnerabilities alone, phishing targets people...

Alice’s Adventures in the Wonderland starts with a story of a little girl. Many of us know the story, and one reason it became so popular among adults as well is its playful use of logic and...

Data minimization principle requires organizations to collect only what is necessary for a clearly defined purpose, as established in the GDPR Article 5(1)(c). In assessment contexts, data ...

Even if we were not a human society but a flock of birds or a pride of lions, we would still need justice. From its instinctive origins, the concept of justice has evolved. In the modern wor...

In digital learning and assessment environments, data of children requires a higher standard of care than ordinary commercial data. In most privacy frameworks, a child is generally defined a...

In the past, a student who could correctly solve a mathematical formula was considered successful. Today, the same student is expected to go beyond calculation, to critically analyse its rel...